THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION
CAUSES OF REVOLUTION-Rulers who abuse their power (King John, Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, James I, Charles I, Cromwell, and James II)
-Monarchs who offer very limited religious freedom (Henry VIII, James I, Charles I, and James II) -Monarchs who give people punishment without trial or legit reason (King John, Henry VIII, James I, and Charles I) -Leaders who believe that they are above the law (King John, James I, and Charles I) -Absolute monarchs who don't give the common people basic rights (King John, Henry VIII, James I, Charles I, and James II) -Rulers who impose excessive taxes (King John) -Monarchs who believe in "divine right" (Henry VIII, Elizabeth I, and James I) | CONSEQUENCES OF REVOLUTION-People who disagree with the new ruler rebel.
-A stronger army -More war involvement -The new monarchs can learn from previous monarchs' mistakes. -The parliament gained power -Different type of government -Usually results in a better government -Change is government -Different religion perspective -Determine other countries to follow the new government you've made from learning from all the mistakes from previous monarchs (See global perspective at bottom of page) |
How Europe Became Powerful
Other countries looked up to England (a part of Europe) because they liked their style of government after the revolution.
William the Conqueror
This is a picture of William the Conqueror.
-When King Edward of England died in 1066, a new king needed to take the throne.
-Since, King Edwaard didn't have a son, his brother Harold was chosen to rule.
-William, the Duke of Narmandy, also wanted to claim the throne.
-They decided to make Harold and William fight to be the king.
-Willaim made an army and brought himself to what is now called "The Battle of Hastings"
-At the battle of Hastings, William and his army defeated Harold
-William became the king of England on December 25, 1066
-He was also known as "William the Conqueror"
-William began his ruling of England by creating his own "Doomsday Book"
-In the book, he recorded how many people lived in each place, how much land that person owned, and if they had animals or not. He did this to get a better understanding of who he is ruling.
-He also could force people with an appropriate amount of taxes using the doomsday book.
-There were actually two Doomsday books that he made the first one being called "Little Doomsday" and the other being called "Great Doomsday"
-King WIlliam does a good job of stabilizing and organizing the government.
-William died in 1087
-Since, King Edwaard didn't have a son, his brother Harold was chosen to rule.
-William, the Duke of Narmandy, also wanted to claim the throne.
-They decided to make Harold and William fight to be the king.
-Willaim made an army and brought himself to what is now called "The Battle of Hastings"
-At the battle of Hastings, William and his army defeated Harold
-William became the king of England on December 25, 1066
-He was also known as "William the Conqueror"
-William began his ruling of England by creating his own "Doomsday Book"
-In the book, he recorded how many people lived in each place, how much land that person owned, and if they had animals or not. He did this to get a better understanding of who he is ruling.
-He also could force people with an appropriate amount of taxes using the doomsday book.
-There were actually two Doomsday books that he made the first one being called "Little Doomsday" and the other being called "Great Doomsday"
-King WIlliam does a good job of stabilizing and organizing the government.
-William died in 1087
Magna Carta (King John)
King John signing the Magna Carta in 1215.
-Most of the rulers after William the Conqueror abused their power by raising taxes.
-The monarchs, especially King John, also took advantage of the Nobles and the common man.
-In 1215, a group of barons introduced the Magna Carta to King John.
-The Magna Carta shared two significant ideas:
1. The people had certain rights.
2. No one is above the law, including the monarch.
Why did King John sign the Magna Carta?
Since King John had lost land in France, lost power because of his struggle with th pope, and also lost against the nobles, he realized that he was becoming weaker. He also realized that if he didn't sign the Magna Carta, then the barons would attack him, and he would lose. So, without a fight, King John signed the Magna Carta.
-The Magna Carta limited royal power and established certain rights of English freemen, but it didn't fix all the problems with the King of England.
-The monarchs, especially King John, also took advantage of the Nobles and the common man.
-In 1215, a group of barons introduced the Magna Carta to King John.
-The Magna Carta shared two significant ideas:
1. The people had certain rights.
2. No one is above the law, including the monarch.
Why did King John sign the Magna Carta?
Since King John had lost land in France, lost power because of his struggle with th pope, and also lost against the nobles, he realized that he was becoming weaker. He also realized that if he didn't sign the Magna Carta, then the barons would attack him, and he would lose. So, without a fight, King John signed the Magna Carta.
-The Magna Carta limited royal power and established certain rights of English freemen, but it didn't fix all the problems with the King of England.
Due Process of Law
-Requires the government to act fairly according to established rules and principles.
-It is related to habeas corpus, the principle that states that no one can have punishment if they haven't commited a crime.
-This soon became the Petition of Right and the Habeas Corpus Act.
-Taxes were not able to be raised until the Great Concil approved of the monarch's request.
-It is related to habeas corpus, the principle that states that no one can have punishment if they haven't commited a crime.
-This soon became the Petition of Right and the Habeas Corpus Act.
-Taxes were not able to be raised until the Great Concil approved of the monarch's request.
Parliament
-Pretty soon the concil changed from the Great Council, to a parliament, and ended up being England's legislature.
-Parliament branched out into two parts:
1. The House of Lords with nobles
2. High clergy and the House of Commons with knights and middle-class citizens.
-The parlaiment allowed fair taxation by controlling the monarch's power.
-Parlaiment had to approve the amount of taxes forced upon the people.
-This really helped unify England.
-Parliament branched out into two parts:
1. The House of Lords with nobles
2. High clergy and the House of Commons with knights and middle-class citizens.
-The parlaiment allowed fair taxation by controlling the monarch's power.
-Parlaiment had to approve the amount of taxes forced upon the people.
-This really helped unify England.
The Tudor Monarchs
-Tudor monarchs are monarchs who develop such great friendship with parliament, that they can almost take advantage of them and get whatever they want from them.
-Henry VIII and Elizabeth I were both good examples of tudor monarchs in England.
Henry VIII:
-Henry VIII went to the parliament to "get away" with his defeat and dominance of the Roman Catholic Church.
-Parliament legalized his actions and granted him the head of the Church of England.
-The catholics who knew that the Act of Supremacy was wrong were given the death punishment for going against the government. (Not a good enough
reason to kill someone)
Elizabeth I:
-Elizabeth was only 25 when she recieved the throne.
-Elizabeth couldn't decide between being Protestants or Catholic.
-The rule of the queen was to reproduce and get married, but she didn't want to marry a Protestant or a Catholic boy, because then she wouldn't remain neutral,
which was one of her goals as queen.
-Elizabeth I became close with parliament to avoid rules on her marriage and foreign policy.
-Because of this, when Elizabeth dies in 1603, she has no children.
-Henry VIII and Elizabeth I were both good examples of tudor monarchs in England.
Henry VIII:
-Henry VIII went to the parliament to "get away" with his defeat and dominance of the Roman Catholic Church.
-Parliament legalized his actions and granted him the head of the Church of England.
-The catholics who knew that the Act of Supremacy was wrong were given the death punishment for going against the government. (Not a good enough
reason to kill someone)
Elizabeth I:
-Elizabeth was only 25 when she recieved the throne.
-Elizabeth couldn't decide between being Protestants or Catholic.
-The rule of the queen was to reproduce and get married, but she didn't want to marry a Protestant or a Catholic boy, because then she wouldn't remain neutral,
which was one of her goals as queen.
-Elizabeth I became close with parliament to avoid rules on her marriage and foreign policy.
-Because of this, when Elizabeth dies in 1603, she has no children.
James I
-After Elizabeth I dies, James Stuart, king of Scotland, takes over.
-James I has many different beliefs than previous monarchs.
-For 118 years, England has had a tudor monarch, but because of James I (James Stuart), that has changed.
-James I doesn't become close with the parliament, which causes war to break out.
-James I believes in "divine right" as mentioned in his speech to the parliament in the year of 1610:
"The state on monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth; for kings are not only God's lieutenants upon earth and sit upon God's throne, but even by God himself they are called gods...Kings are justly called gods for what they exercise a manner or a resemblence of Divine power upon earth...And to the king is due both the affection of the soul and the service of the body of his subjects..." -James I ()
-Parliament was very offended when hearing James I speech, and they really didn't want an absolute monarchy.
-James I needs money for war and foreign policy, so he decides to go to parliament.
-Parliament sugguests "discussing foreign policy" before actually voting, so he decided to get rid of parliament.
-James I also decides to disagree violently with Protestant dissenters
-He also disagrees with the Puritans when they ask for a church without bishops.
-James I threatens the Puritans by pledging to "harry them out of this land or else do worse."
-James I has many different beliefs than previous monarchs.
-For 118 years, England has had a tudor monarch, but because of James I (James Stuart), that has changed.
-James I doesn't become close with the parliament, which causes war to break out.
-James I believes in "divine right" as mentioned in his speech to the parliament in the year of 1610:
"The state on monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth; for kings are not only God's lieutenants upon earth and sit upon God's throne, but even by God himself they are called gods...Kings are justly called gods for what they exercise a manner or a resemblence of Divine power upon earth...And to the king is due both the affection of the soul and the service of the body of his subjects..." -James I ()
-Parliament was very offended when hearing James I speech, and they really didn't want an absolute monarchy.
-James I needs money for war and foreign policy, so he decides to go to parliament.
-Parliament sugguests "discussing foreign policy" before actually voting, so he decided to get rid of parliament.
-James I also decides to disagree violently with Protestant dissenters
-He also disagrees with the Puritans when they ask for a church without bishops.
-James I threatens the Puritans by pledging to "harry them out of this land or else do worse."
Charles I
-Soon enough, in 1625, Charles I takes over the throne.
-Charles I acted like his father (James I) in many ways
-Charles I was very unfair to the people he didn't like
-If people disagreed with Charles I, then he would send them to prison without having a trial.
-England was also still needing money, so he decided to raise the taxes.
-But before he could do that, parliament has asked his to sign the Petition of Right, which meant that he couldn't jail people without trial, and he couldn't raise taxes, unless parliament approved.
-Charles signed the petition, but he didn't exactly follow the rules of the petiotion.
-Charles I got rid of parliament in 1629 and ignored the petition for 11 years.
-Because of this, many Puritans were angered at Charles I.
-But not all people believed that absolute monarchy was bad.
"During the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war...In such condition, there is no place for industry...no arts; no letters; no society; and, which is worst of all, continual fear and danger of violent death. And the life of man [is] solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." -Thomas Hobbes
-Charles was officially the first English monarch to get an emissary from the pope in December of 1634.
-In 1633, William Laud was honored the Archbishop of Canterbury.
-Many Puritans believe that Laud was trying to turn the Church of England back to a Roman Catholic Church because he ws enforcing people of the church to follow Anglican rules.
-So, William decided to execute many of the Puritan teachers.
-Then, in 1637, Charles and William Laud force the Anglican prayer book on Scotland.
-Pretty soon the Scotish Cavaliers (Scotish people who supported the king) revolted.
-Because of the revolt, England was even more poor.
-In 1640, Charles I decided to put parliament back in action to help him control and gain money.
-This parliament was called "the long parliament" (1640-1653)
-Parliament took action by executing Laud, and making laws that stated that Parliament cannot be taken away, unless parliament agrees to it.
-Charles I got angered by this, so he made an army and sent them to arrest radical leaders, and then went north to war.
-Charles I acted like his father (James I) in many ways
-Charles I was very unfair to the people he didn't like
-If people disagreed with Charles I, then he would send them to prison without having a trial.
-England was also still needing money, so he decided to raise the taxes.
-But before he could do that, parliament has asked his to sign the Petition of Right, which meant that he couldn't jail people without trial, and he couldn't raise taxes, unless parliament approved.
-Charles signed the petition, but he didn't exactly follow the rules of the petiotion.
-Charles I got rid of parliament in 1629 and ignored the petition for 11 years.
-Because of this, many Puritans were angered at Charles I.
-But not all people believed that absolute monarchy was bad.
"During the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called war...In such condition, there is no place for industry...no arts; no letters; no society; and, which is worst of all, continual fear and danger of violent death. And the life of man [is] solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." -Thomas Hobbes
-Charles was officially the first English monarch to get an emissary from the pope in December of 1634.
-In 1633, William Laud was honored the Archbishop of Canterbury.
-Many Puritans believe that Laud was trying to turn the Church of England back to a Roman Catholic Church because he ws enforcing people of the church to follow Anglican rules.
-So, William decided to execute many of the Puritan teachers.
-Then, in 1637, Charles and William Laud force the Anglican prayer book on Scotland.
-Pretty soon the Scotish Cavaliers (Scotish people who supported the king) revolted.
-Because of the revolt, England was even more poor.
-In 1640, Charles I decided to put parliament back in action to help him control and gain money.
-This parliament was called "the long parliament" (1640-1653)
-Parliament took action by executing Laud, and making laws that stated that Parliament cannot be taken away, unless parliament agrees to it.
-Charles I got angered by this, so he made an army and sent them to arrest radical leaders, and then went north to war.
Civil War in England
Cavaliers vs. Roundheads
Cavaliers-Supporters of King Charles I
-Usually wealthy nobles -Wore expensive clothes -Had long hair -Good at war -Cavaliers were more popular in the beginning -The Cavaliers were defeated in many battles -By 1647, parliament had control of Charles I -It wasn't until 1649 when parliament had officially executed Charles I. DEFEATED! |
Roundheads-Supporters of Parliament
-Consisted of country men, manufacturers who lived in towns, and Puritan clergy -Their hair was usually cut really short -Aggressive fighters -Their leader was Oliver Cromwell -Oliver Cronwell came up with a new idea, which was selecting people to go into the army based on skill instead of an army based on social classes. -The Roundheads defeated the Cavaliers in many battles. VICTORY! |
After the War
-Once Charles I was executed, the country was now well aware that an absolute monarchy was not an option, especially if you don't obey the laws.
-England became a republic (common wealth)
-Oliver Cromwell became the leader
-Cavaliers were still uprising, so Oliver sent in his army
-In 1653 Oliver granted himself as the Lord Protector (virtual dictator with army)
-Oliver created Blue Laws
-Oliver was very tolerant of other religions.
-He didn't mind, Catholics, Protestants, or Jews.
-Oliver dies in 1658
-England became a republic (common wealth)
-Oliver Cromwell became the leader
-Cavaliers were still uprising, so Oliver sent in his army
-In 1653 Oliver granted himself as the Lord Protector (virtual dictator with army)
-Oliver created Blue Laws
-Oliver was very tolerant of other religions.
-He didn't mind, Catholics, Protestants, or Jews.
-Oliver dies in 1658
Restoration (Charles II)
-After Cromwell's death people got bored of having to live their life following srict Puritan and military rules.
-They wanted Stuarts again
-Charles II takes the throne
"This day came in his Majesties Charles the Second to London after a sad, and long Exile...with a Triumph of above 20,000 horse and [soldiers], brandishing their swords, and shouting with unexpressible joy; the [ways strewn] with flowers, the bells ringing, the streetes hung with [tapestry]." -John Evelyn (diary)
-Opened taverns and theaters to create a more fun nation
-Restablished the Church of England, but didn't discriminate Protestants, Presbyterians, Quakers, or Baptists.
-Followed Petition of Right
-Followed catholic practices discreetly
-Made sure he had an acceptable realationship with parliament
-Dies in 1685
-They wanted Stuarts again
-Charles II takes the throne
"This day came in his Majesties Charles the Second to London after a sad, and long Exile...with a Triumph of above 20,000 horse and [soldiers], brandishing their swords, and shouting with unexpressible joy; the [ways strewn] with flowers, the bells ringing, the streetes hung with [tapestry]." -John Evelyn (diary)
-Opened taverns and theaters to create a more fun nation
-Restablished the Church of England, but didn't discriminate Protestants, Presbyterians, Quakers, or Baptists.
-Followed Petition of Right
-Followed catholic practices discreetly
-Made sure he had an acceptable realationship with parliament
-Dies in 1685
Glorious Revolution (James II)
-Takes the throne after his brother, Charles II
-Openly practiced the Catholic religion
-Gave Catholics more power
-James II has two daughters from his first wife, who is Protestant
-Parliament discreeetly invites James's oldest daughter, Mary, and her Protestant husband, William III of Orange to rule England
-Parliament does this because they want their to be balance in the government
-In 1688, when Mary and William II of Orange first arrived, the first thing that James II did was, runaway to France.
-Mary and William II of Orange were now the official rulers of England.
-This is called the Glorious Revolution because it didn't require any bloodshed over the throne.
-Openly practiced the Catholic religion
-Gave Catholics more power
-James II has two daughters from his first wife, who is Protestant
-Parliament discreeetly invites James's oldest daughter, Mary, and her Protestant husband, William III of Orange to rule England
-Parliament does this because they want their to be balance in the government
-In 1688, when Mary and William II of Orange first arrived, the first thing that James II did was, runaway to France.
-Mary and William II of Orange were now the official rulers of England.
-This is called the Glorious Revolution because it didn't require any bloodshed over the throne.
The English Bill of Rights (William)
-Parliament introduced the Bill of Rights to William
-The BOR was a better version of the Petition of Rights from 1628.
-It showed that parliament can out-rule the monarch
-It also gave people basic natural rights
-It showed that Parliament has "power of the purse"
-The monarch cannot suspend laws without Parliament
-It also required regular meetings of Parliament.
-It was mainly based off of the previous monarchs' mistakes
"Whereas, the late King James II...did endeavor to subvert and extirpate the Protestant religion and the laws and liberties of his kingdom...and whereas the said late King James II having ablicated the government, and the throne became vacant...the said lords [Parliament]...now being assembled in a full and free representitive [body] of nation...do in the first place...declare: [This is just one example:] 10. That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted..." -A Portion of the English Bill of Rights
-William signed it
-England was now a limited monarchy, which seemed to be a good fit for England.
-The BOR was a better version of the Petition of Rights from 1628.
-It showed that parliament can out-rule the monarch
-It also gave people basic natural rights
-It showed that Parliament has "power of the purse"
-The monarch cannot suspend laws without Parliament
-It also required regular meetings of Parliament.
-It was mainly based off of the previous monarchs' mistakes
"Whereas, the late King James II...did endeavor to subvert and extirpate the Protestant religion and the laws and liberties of his kingdom...and whereas the said late King James II having ablicated the government, and the throne became vacant...the said lords [Parliament]...now being assembled in a full and free representitive [body] of nation...do in the first place...declare: [This is just one example:] 10. That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted..." -A Portion of the English Bill of Rights
-William signed it
-England was now a limited monarchy, which seemed to be a good fit for England.
America's View on England's Bill of Rights
English Bill of Rights:
-Citizens have basic rights
-Representives in Parliament are elected by the people
-Parliament can overrule the monarch
Effect on America:
-People elected representitives for Parliament
-Americans also believed that all citizens have basic rights
-The Americans even used some of the same laws in their Bill of Rights that were in England's Bill of Rights. For example:
The English Bill of Rights states:
"And excessive bail hath had been required of persons committed in criminal cases to elude the benefit of the
laws made for the liberty of the subjects; And excessive fines have been imposed; And illegal and cruel
punishments inflicted;"
The AMerican Bill of Rights states:
"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted."
-Citizens have basic rights
-Representives in Parliament are elected by the people
-Parliament can overrule the monarch
Effect on America:
-People elected representitives for Parliament
-Americans also believed that all citizens have basic rights
-The Americans even used some of the same laws in their Bill of Rights that were in England's Bill of Rights. For example:
The English Bill of Rights states:
"And excessive bail hath had been required of persons committed in criminal cases to elude the benefit of the
laws made for the liberty of the subjects; And excessive fines have been imposed; And illegal and cruel
punishments inflicted;"
The AMerican Bill of Rights states:
"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted."