CAUSES
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| CONSEQUENCES
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Map of Time Frames Colonies Won Independence
Latin American Revolution
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Latin American Revolutions
Here is how the story went:
Social Classes
In the Spanish colonies, the society was made up of distinctive social classes. At the top were the Peninsulares, people born in Spain. The Peninsulares were the most important people in society, holding the highest positions in both the colonial governments and the Catholic Church. After the Peninsulares, came the Creoles, which were American-born descendants of Spanish settlers. Creoles owned many of the plantations, ranches, and mines. The Peninsulares and Creoles controlled the Spanish colonies in the Americas. The Creoles didn’t like their second class status though. They wanted to be on top. They also were upset over the trade restrictions under mercantilism.
After the Peninsulares and the Creoles were the Mestizos, they were people of Native American and European descent. Then there were the Mulattoes, the people of African and European descent. Native Americans and people of African descent formed the lowest social class. These people were also upset over their third class status.
After the Peninsulares and the Creoles were the Mestizos, they were people of Native American and European descent. Then there were the Mulattoes, the people of African and European descent. Native Americans and people of African descent formed the lowest social class. These people were also upset over their third class status.
The Creoles
_The Creoles wanted to revolt against their social
class standings. They had many influences including:
- The writings of enlightenment - Rousseau, Voltairex, and Locke
- The American Revolution
- The French Revolution
Haiti
In Haiti around 1791 there was a French Colony Sugar
Cane revolt. This was a major crop.
This revolt was lead by Toussaint L’Ouverture.
Spain and England wanted to help France because they didn’t want an independent country lead by free slaves.
In 1802 Napoleon sent an army to recapture Haiti, but France doesn’t win. Instead France captures Toussaint L’Ouverture and they send him back to France. Not that long after, Toussaint dies in prison and Haiti officially gains its independence in 1804.
This revolt was lead by Toussaint L’Ouverture.
Spain and England wanted to help France because they didn’t want an independent country lead by free slaves.
In 1802 Napoleon sent an army to recapture Haiti, but France doesn’t win. Instead France captures Toussaint L’Ouverture and they send him back to France. Not that long after, Toussaint dies in prison and Haiti officially gains its independence in 1804.
Mexico
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In 1810, another revolt takes place in Mexico. A
creole named Father Hidalgo rings a bell and asks, “Will you be free”. Even
though he himself is a creole, he doesn’t gain the support of the other creoles
because he wants to end slavery, and help the Native Americans. If these things
happened there would be negative effects on the creoles. Eventually, Father
Hidalgo is tried and then executed. Another man named Father Jose Morelos
attempts to continue his revolt, but he fails in doing so.
Right: Father Hidalgo
Next came along Augustin de Iturbide. He was a very conservative creole and worked against Father Hidalgo and Jose Morelos. He was worried that the new liberal government in Spain would give into rebels. He joins the rebel to control charge and Mexico wins its independence. Augustin de Iturbide declares himself Emperor Augustin I, but soon after he is overthrown for Republic of Mexico.
Below: Augustin de Iturbide
Right: Father Hidalgo
Next came along Augustin de Iturbide. He was a very conservative creole and worked against Father Hidalgo and Jose Morelos. He was worried that the new liberal government in Spain would give into rebels. He joins the rebel to control charge and Mexico wins its independence. Augustin de Iturbide declares himself Emperor Augustin I, but soon after he is overthrown for Republic of Mexico.
Below: Augustin de Iturbide
Simon Bolivar-"The Liberator"
Simon Bolivar was an educated creole who admired the American and French Revolutions. He also saw the opportunity to take advantage of the problems occurring in Spain.
In 1810 he led an uprising in Venezuela and then by 1821 Venezuela was free. Bolivar then moves onto Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
Jose de San Martin leads a leads a rebellion in Argentina and Chile and also joins Bolivar.
Right: Simon Bolivar
Below: Simon Bolivar meets Jose de San Martin
In 1810 he led an uprising in Venezuela and then by 1821 Venezuela was free. Bolivar then moves onto Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
Jose de San Martin leads a leads a rebellion in Argentina and Chile and also joins Bolivar.
Right: Simon Bolivar
Below: Simon Bolivar meets Jose de San Martin
Simon Bolivar Speech
_ Here is an excerpt from a speech that Simon Bolivar delivered to the Second National Congress of Venezuela in 1819. Bolivar suggests what type of government Venezuela should have.
"Subject to the threefold yolk of ignorance, tyranny, and vice, the American people have been unable to aquire knowledge, power, or virtue. The lessons were received, and the models were studied, as pupils of such pernicious teachers, were most destructive...
If a people, perverted by their training, succeed in achieving their liberty, they will soon loose it, for it would be of no avail to endeavor to explain to them that happiness consists in the practice of virtue; that the rule of law is more powerful than the rule of tyrants, because, as the laws are more inflexible everyone should submit to their beneficent austerity;than proper mprals, and not force, are the base of laws; and that justice is to practice liberty.
Therefore, Legislatures, your work is so much more arduous, inasmuch as you have to reeducate men who have been corrupted by norris erroneous illusions and fate incentives. Liberty, says Rousseau, is a succulant morsel, but one difficult to digest...
Legislatures meditate well before you choose. Forget not that you are to lay the political foundation for a newly born nation which can rise to the heights of greatness that nature has marked out for it if you but proportion this foundation in keeping with the high plain that it aspires to obtain. Unless your choice is based upon the pecular... Experience of Venezuelian people- a factor that should guide you in determining the nature of the form of government you are about to adopt for the well-being of the people... the result of our reforms will then be slavery."
This is an example of some of the causes of these revolutions. This shows the unhappiness of the people. Simon Bolivar represents the unhappy people by how he is delivering his speech with new ideas.
"Subject to the threefold yolk of ignorance, tyranny, and vice, the American people have been unable to aquire knowledge, power, or virtue. The lessons were received, and the models were studied, as pupils of such pernicious teachers, were most destructive...
If a people, perverted by their training, succeed in achieving their liberty, they will soon loose it, for it would be of no avail to endeavor to explain to them that happiness consists in the practice of virtue; that the rule of law is more powerful than the rule of tyrants, because, as the laws are more inflexible everyone should submit to their beneficent austerity;than proper mprals, and not force, are the base of laws; and that justice is to practice liberty.
Therefore, Legislatures, your work is so much more arduous, inasmuch as you have to reeducate men who have been corrupted by norris erroneous illusions and fate incentives. Liberty, says Rousseau, is a succulant morsel, but one difficult to digest...
Legislatures meditate well before you choose. Forget not that you are to lay the political foundation for a newly born nation which can rise to the heights of greatness that nature has marked out for it if you but proportion this foundation in keeping with the high plain that it aspires to obtain. Unless your choice is based upon the pecular... Experience of Venezuelian people- a factor that should guide you in determining the nature of the form of government you are about to adopt for the well-being of the people... the result of our reforms will then be slavery."
This is an example of some of the causes of these revolutions. This shows the unhappiness of the people. Simon Bolivar represents the unhappy people by how he is delivering his speech with new ideas.